American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)

American Goldfinch Identification

The American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a favorite visitor of many backyard birdwatchers. The American Goldfinch is about five inches in length tail tip to bill tip. The American Goldfinch is a bird of edge and brush, preferring naturally open swamp and marsh vegetation, man-made clearing, road edges, orchards, and pasture forest, fringes and open uplands with their scattered shrubs and saplings.

The American Goldfinch is a common migrant resident in various states of United States, however variable in numbers from season to season. The American goldfinch is the state bird of “Iowa” and “New Jersey”, where it is known as "Eastern Goldfinch", and in Washington, it is called the "Willow Goldfinch". The bird is often victim to brood parasites, mainly brown-headed cowbirds. The lifespan of the American Goldfinch is around three to six years in the wild. So far, the oldest known American goldfinch was 10 years and 5 months old.

American Goldfinch Male and Female

The male bird has bright yellow body feathers with black wing and tail feathers are having black forehead patch. Also, a white rump patch and two white wings bars are also present. Hence, the female American Goldfinch has olive yellow body feathers with black wing feathers and two white wings bars. This is a diurnal bird, meaning it's most agile during the day.

American Goldfinch Habitats

It breeds in blue oak savannahs, digger pine-oak wood-lands, and particularly in low elevation riparian groves.  In late summer and fall, some upslope movement, especially in chaparral type and along riparian corridors. The most amazing part of American goldfinch is displaying sexual dimorphism in its coloration.

The male bird is a vibrant yellow in the summer and an olive color during the winter. Thus, the female bird is a dull yellow-brown shade which brightens only slightly during the summer. The American Goldfinch is one of the most common and widespread birds, but it can seem to disappear during the winter.

During the fall, the bright yellow males molt into the same muted brown as the females and juveniles. While these “brown-finches” will remain all winter, casual observers don’t notice them, searching instead for the summer-attired male. As goldfinches are gregarious during all parts of the year, even feeding together during the breeding season, it’s easiest to find the flock.

The American Goldfinch truly deserves its name.  It can be found in all the 48 contiguous states during some portion of the year. The population retreats from the southern third of Canada and expands into the southern U.S. and Mexico during the winter. The bird is also well-known for its susceptibility to mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, that has infected and killed many House Finches.

American Goldfinch Song

Normally male bird sings a long and different series of twitters and musical warbles lasted for several seconds long. The phrases and notes inconstant and repeated in a seemingly random order. The finch perpetually to learn song patterns throughout life.

American Goldfinch Sound

The bird most common call is its contact call, repeatedly given tsee-tsi-tsi-tsit in flight. It sounds just like saying po-ta-to-chip with a very even cadence, but sometimes give severe threat calls when in feeding flocks or at the nest. The male bird makes a tee-yee courtship call upon landing near a female followed by a burst of song.

Females brooding nestlings make a rapid sequence of high notes when they hear their mate approaching with food. Further, at nest both make a loud defense call, two-parted bay-bee when they feel threatened. The most common predators are snakes, squirrels, weasels, cats, hawks, and blue jays, normally destroy eggs or kill young, also pose a threat to both young and adults.

American Goldfinch Courtship Behavior.

In contrast to most songbirds the American Goldfinch may delay establishing territory up to two months following pair formation in May and June. Two distinctive courtship behavior of the American Goldfinch are the extended, canarylike warbling given by the male from prominent perches and the prolonged pursuit of a single female by several males.

American Goldfinch Breeding

Breeding Biology of American Goldfinch is unusual. Unlike more than 95% of other terrestrial birds, the goldfinch feeds its nestlings only seeds. Brown-headed Cowbird chicks, which thrive in the nests of insect-eating warblers, rarely survive past three days and never fledge from goldfinch nests. The goldfinch is also one of the latest nesting songbirds. The female bird chooses to mate with males that exhibit the brightest colors, and therefore, may obtain the most skilled foragers in doing so.

American Goldfinch Nest

The birds may pair up during the winter flock, but most nesting occurs July through September. Nests are placed in open areas with shrubs, fibrous matter from the bark of vines and the stems of milkweed that the female gathers and form into a supporting basket. Such as residential areas and old fields. The basket is cradled in the crotch of 3 to 4 upright slender branches of a tree shrub or herbaceous plant.

Females choose their mates based on the brightness of their plumage, using that as a signal of their overall health. First-time nesters raise a single brood; experienced females leave their first brood with their mate and attempt a second nest with a new male. Moreover, nest height above the ground varies according to the chosen habitats.

Whereas nest building in July may average 13 days, it requires less than half this time by late August. Incubation by the female bird of the 4 to 6 smooth shelled pale bullish, white eggs lasts from 12 to 14 days. During incubation the male is most attentive feeding the begging female a regurgitated supply of while milky seed cereal.

By the 8^th day after hatchling the nestlings are very active calling loudly and standing upright in anticipation of the parents’ arrivals. At this time juvenile begin defecating on the nest edge, where their excreta may cling and harden. Earlier the parents removed the fecal sacs.

American Goldfinch Population

American Goldfinch breeding populations have remained stable nationally and increased. Winter populations are also widespread and apparently stable with goldfinches consistently among the “top five” Winter Feeder Survey birds in both total numbers and percent of feeders visited.

Fewer breeding attempts were confirmed in part due to the late nesting season (many observers had turned in their records before young goldfinches left the nest). Furthermore, less emphasis was placed on “confirming” a species needs European settlement was beneficial for the American Goldfinch, increasing both edge habitat for nesting and “weedy” food sources. In the winter these finches make a group of up 40 or 50 birds, occasionally more. The flock of Goldfinches is called a real “charm”.

What Do American Goldfinch Eat?

The bird eats mainly Thistle or Nyjer seeds of trees, maple sap, alder & birch, forbs, especially of composites; sunflower seeds, bark of young twigs, and, some insects. Generally, feeds in flocks, picking and gleaning food from flower heads and foliage of forbs, shrubs, and trees. A peculiar behavior of goldfinches is that they feed upside-down to obtain seeds from thistles, and sunflowers.

The American Goldfinch is an agile species and may also be one reason this species will readily come to birdfeeders whether they must feed right-side up or upside-down. Though the Goldfinch will eat at both types of feeders, results show that feeding right-side up increases the number of feeding attempts and the amount of seed consumed by gold-finches.

The farm management plan that sets aside land for grassland-nesting species, has also benefitted goldfinches. While forest succession and the move towards “clean” farming both work to decrease appropriate habitat and food availability, this can be easily countered by thoughtful landscaping of urban and suburban yards.

Natural landscapes should be allowed to experience disturbances that produce the desired habitat. The American Goldfinch is a species that fits easily into the human-dominated landscape. The only subspe­cies of the American Goldfinch known from southern California is the one breeding locally, the Willow Goldfinch.

Backyard birders are not always able to watch the goldfinch because the larger House Finch usually crowds the goldfinch off the perches of conventional   feeders. Some backyard birders do not like this competition and would like to have a feeder that can only be used by the goldfinch.

Trees Attract American Goldfinches

The Goldfinches attract with colorful flowers such as asters, Bolivian sunflower, , daisies, cosmos, marigolds, Mexican sunflower, poppies, purple coneflowers and zinnias. The seed heads of above plants are enjoyed by birds throughout their growing seasons. A special blooming favorite is the black oil sunflower.

Read More - The Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) / The Himalayan Cutia / The fire-tailed myzornis

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The lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria)

Lesser Goldfinch Identification

The lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) is a very small songbird of United States. The bird has crown, nape, back and upper tail converts a uniform greenish grey to olive green in color. The bird displayed black primaries and secondaries with two indistinct buff white wing-bars. The tail is black except for two distinctive white crescents on the inner webs of the outer rectrices. These white crescents did not extend to the entire underparts from the base of the bill to the undertail convert a uniform canary yellow tinted with an olive wash on the flanks. The bills and legs are dark pink and iris black.

The Lesser Goldfinch diet consists mainly of buds, weed seeds, coffeeberry, sunflower seeds, elder berry, and developing fruits. The bird apparently requires large amount of water to facilitate the ingestion of seeds. As they are concentrating on the streams and spring. The bird often occurs in flocks at least of six birds and mix with other birds, i.e., American Goldfinches, Lawrence’s, Pine Siskins, House Finches, Lark Sparrows, White-crowned Sparrows, and Western Bluebirds. This petite species may be smallest true finch in the world. The finch is just 3.5 to 4.7 in length and weigh from 8 to 11.5 g.

The nesting season is in summer, lays 3 to 4 bluish white eggs in a cup shape nest made of fine plant materials. The bird nest often found at cottonwoods and willows along rivers, made of rootlets, lichens, and strips of bark, placed in a bush or at low or middle levels in a tree. It is a quick little bird, continuously hovering and jerking its tail while feeding. The male bird also feeds the female bird when she’s on the nest during incubation.

Geographic Variation

The Lesser Goldfinch is a full year resident from northern South America to the Southwestern United States and most common from the southern Gulf Coast of Texas to California and up the West Coast into Washington. The species also breeds in northern Texas, Utah, Colorado, and Northern Nevada. Lesser Goldfinch breeds all year round, may be less often in Sep/Oct. This is least concern bird on the ICUN list due to its vast range.

Lesser Goldfinch vs American Goldfinch

The American goldfinches can be illustrious by the males having a black rarely green forehead, and latter is red or yellow in the European goldfinch and its relatives. However, the North American males are markedly polymorphic, and 5 subspecies are often named; at least 2 of them seem to represent a less-progressed stage in evolution. The lesser goldfinch on the wing, has the same dipping, bouncy flight of the American Goldfinch. The lesser goldfinch often come to feeders along with other finches such as American Goldfinches and Pine Siskins.

Lesser Goldfinch Song

The Lesser Goldfinch is a small, social songbird, inhabits a wide variety of habitats. The vocalization of lesser goldfinch and American goldfinch are probably among the longest and most varied of passerine birds. The vocalization is usually prominent sounds in goldfinch habitats. Hence, listen closely to their wheezy songs, habitually include snippets from the songs of other birds. The lesser goldfinch call includes a plaintive, kittenlike tee-yee, very complex jumble of musical phrases, often mimicking other species.

Also Read: The Himalayan Cutia / The fire-tailed myzornis

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2. 60 Seconds Habit ! That Reversed Type 2 Diabetes and Melted 56 lbs of Fat
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What is Shingle Beach?

When the word “Beach” comes, the first notion comes in mind is sand and water. People do not want to rest upon a thousand uneven stones. But the Shingle Beach is unique as referred to pebble beach or rocky beach.  This beach is armoured with beautiful pebbles and medium sized cobbles. One example of Shingle Beach is located at Torrisdale Bay, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. Moreover, many beaches found in north America, United Kingdom, Japan, Bahrain, and many other parts of the world.

New Zealand South Island beach is associated with the shingle fans of braided rivers. The unique ecosystems associated with rock and sand allow colonization by several rare and endangered species. Shingle Beaches are normally higher latitudes, as waves easily flow through the coarse, porous surfaces of the beach. Which in result lessening the effect of backwash erosion and cumulative the formation of sediment into a steeply sloping beach.

However, typically, the stone composition may grade from characteristic sizes ranging from 2 to 200 millimeters in diameter. Normally, people like sandy beaches, as it is more comfortable to walk. On the other side, walk on shingle beach becomes tough for many peoples. Therefore, shingle beaches are more popular among rock collectors for the varying the rock types that can be found on such beaches.

The biggest threat to Shingle Beaches is increasing sea level and stronger waves allowing sea water to move further inland. Shingle Beach does not support any plant growth. The lack of Topsoil is not supported to seeds to root on. Only few shrub plant species sea Kale, lichens, sea campion, and sea beet found in shingle beaches. Lichens, support to small animal species, i.e., Ant, bee and moth tend to be most commonly found in the challenging environment. Some shingle beaches are dominated by only one type of rocks have ridges at different points.

The Black Pebble Beach at Yaquina Head in Oregon is made entirely of basalt. The shingle beaches and sand mixed become imperative to global warming and rising sea levels. They are too good for dissipating wave energy up to 90%. Shingle beaches are predominantly vulnerable to long- term damage from marine oil spills since they capture and hold oil for longer than sandy beaches. Source: CP

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• 

Cumberland Plateau

The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau in the Appalachian Mountains of the U.S. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and portions of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia. The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the dissected plateau lands lying west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms stem from historical usage rather than geological difference, so there is no strict dividing line between the two. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland River rising in the Cumberland Plateau in Harlan County, Kentucky.

The Cumberland Plateau is a deeply dissected plateau, with topographic relief commonly of about 400 feet, and frequent sandstone outcroppings and bluffs. At Kentucky's Pottsville Escarpment, which is the transition from the Cumberland Plateau to the Bluegrass in the north and the Pennyrile in the south, there are many spectacular cliffs, gorges, rock houses, natural bridges, and waterfalls. In Tennessee, the Cumberland Plateau's western border is the Highland Rim east of the Nashville Basin, and its eastern edge is marked by Walden Ridge, which continues south into Alabama as Sand Mountain.

Walden Ridge and Sand Mountain are separated from the main portion of the Cumberland Plateau by the Sequatchie Valley, which extends into central Alabama under other names. Moreover, in Kentucky, the height of the plateau's hills increases from northwest to southeast, with the westernmost areas of the plateau having a relief of around 200 feet and an appearance like the knobs region, whereas areas near Black Mountain have a relief exceeding 2,500 feet.

The Cumberland Plateau is a physiographic section of the larger Appalachian Plateau province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division. The Cumberland Plateau is a physiographic province in the Appalachian region that rises about 1000 feet above the surrounding areas in the region. The rough topography that makes up the Cumberland Plateau has caused a development of isolated settlements and the local economies based on subsistence agriculture.

The Cumberland Plateau is adjoining with the Allegheny Plateau on the northern side, the main difference being local naming. The sedimentary rocks that compose both plateaus are of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geological age, composed of near-shore sediments washed westward from the old Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers were laid down in shallow coastal waters, some, including bituminous coal seams were laid onshore in swampy environments. These are interlaced with delta formations of cross-bedded sandstones and occasionally conglomerate.

There are numerous discontinuities in the beds, where they were raised high enough to be eroded, then lowered to have more sediments added on top. Near the Cumberland Falls, 400 feet below the top of the formation, going by the age of the bedrock which has moved less than a tenth of an inch for the last 300 million years caused mainly by lateral erosion of the plateau.

The plateau comprises some of the largest stretches of contiguous forest in the eastern U.S. Regionally, forests are intermediate between oak and hickory forest types with pines occurring on dry, upland sites and mesophytic species occurring in protected coves. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is involved with the conservation of the mixed mesophytic forests within the Northern Cumberland Plateau. The conservation organizations active on the Cumberland Plateau include The Nature Conservancy, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and the Natural Resources Defense Council.