Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Brief Description

Alfalfa is a perpetual the herb commonly found on the edges of fields, in low valleys and is widely cultivated by farmers for livestock feed. An erect, smooth stem grows from an elongated taproot to a height of a foot or more. Flowers are blue-to-purple during the summer months, finally creating the characteristic spirally coiled seed pods.

Alfalfa or lucerne was used by the Persians to feed their horses to make them look sleeker and feel stronger. The Arabs designated this common hay feed for livestock, "The Father of All Foods." Some modem herbalists have gone even further than this, characterizing alfalfa as being "the Big Daddy of 'em all" in terms of nutritional value, in view of that the plant is extremely rich in calcium that the ashes of its leaves are almost 99% pure calcium.

Prevents Hardening of the Arteries

This has been a discovery of late by researchers rather than traditional herbalists, amazingly enough. Clinical nutritionists have clearly verified that alfalfa meal, when fed to caged monkeys whose diets included high levels of cholesterol helped to prevent them from getting atherosclerosis and reduced the serum cholesterol levels.

Based on such medical findings, it's therefore strongly suggested that you should take 2 capsules of good quality alfalfa powder with every meal when too much cholesterol might be a problem for you. Thus, you need to check with your local health food store who carries alfalfa. A medical doctor, Henry G. Bieler, who for years treated many of the great film stars of Hollywood, recounted an episode with alfalfa in his bestseller.  

Food Is Your Best Medicine.

It seems while he was practicing in the rural areas of Idaho many years ago, he traveled a great distance to visit a farmer who was suffering from a very bad leg ulcer.

The open sore was discharging pus just above the ankle and the entire limb appeared to be dangerously close to having gangrene set in. Dr. Bieler inquired of the farmer and his wife if they had any alkaline vegetables around the house, but unfortunately, none were available.

Therefore, the only plant available that he could think of was alfalfa, of which they had plenty on hand. He persuaded the astonished wife to pick the tender young alfalfa shoots, chop them up very fine and combine them with equal parts of water and canned grapefruit juice. The patient was also given canned vegetables, whole grain bread and raw milk in the correct amounts. Eventually, the leg condition completely healed up with the farmer strictly adhering to this dietary regimen.

The rich chlorophyll the content found in alfalfa, and other green plants like it, was used by some doctors in major hospitals in the 1940s for treating infections resulting from surgical incisions, bedsores, and inner ear problems. Better still, though, would be fresh juice made from raw alfalfa sprouts whipped up in a blender or else run through a juicer.

About 4-6 oz. of the juice taken at one time and applied externally on any surface infection will be of considerable help. Moreover, the making your own sprouts to make your own sprouts, soak a teaspoon of alfalfa seeds in a quart of tepid water overnight.

Next morning, rinse the seeds thoroughly with tepid water and drain. Hence, you need to place them in a jar tightly covered with damp cheesecloth. Then store in a dark place. After twice a day, rinse the sprouting seeds and drain them well, returning them to the dark after each rinse.

After four to five days, you should place the sprouts in the sunlight for a few hours to green them. After that store in the refrigerator. Also, use alfalfa sprouts instead of lettuce, since they are far more nutritious. Control Aid in Diabetes found that alfalfa extracts with a lot of manganese improved the condition of a diabetic who failed to respond to insulin.

It is believed that 2 capsules twice or three times daily might be worth trying in instances such as this. Highly Nutritional Powdered alfalfa contains vitamins A, B-1, B-6, B-12, C, E, and K-1, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, etc., as well as many essential and nonessential amino acids. Moreover, it contains 15 - 25% proteins, major minerals and trace elements like calcium, phosphorus, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper, together with many naturally occurring sugars (sucrose, fructose, etc.)

The White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)

Identification

The most familiar White Wagtail with a combination of black crown and throat (or at least breast band).  This wagtail is with white sides of the head, grey or blackish upperparts and white underparts prevent confusion with all but exceedingly localized African Wagtail. The upperpart coloration and facial pattern vary according to race.

But most inhabited by birds with a white forehead and sides of the head. The juveniles are dingier overall and have little black on the head. It has often merely a dark triangle on the breast. So, these may be confused with juvenile Citrine, especially when plumage of head washed pale yellow in fresh plumage. But Citrine has a shorter tail and a different call. The White Wagtail is a small passerine bird mainly found at near water.

Their flight strongly undulating, with tail markedly long, but less so than in Grey. Tail wagged quite readily, especially when nervous. Forms flocks during passage or at winter roosts. Roosts are often in peculiar situations (e.g. trees in Centre of busy cities, sprinklers of filter beds at sewage works, and inside buildings).

As much a town bird as it is a country bird, with a close association with human habitations. However, it is strongly attached to watersides but equally at home well away from water. This is National Bird of Latvia. This bird is being threatened due to a food source and being kept as a pet. But in a recent study shows, that this bird has a signal of vigilance to potential predators.

White Wagtail Call

The White Wagtail is typical flight call a loose ‘tslee-wee’ or ‘tsleevit’ (or other variant), often repeated. It also gives a short ‘tsit’ or ‘chick’, a harsh ‘chizzick’ and a more slurred ‘tzwerp’. The song consists of twittering phrases, interspersed with call notes. This is a slender and active White Wagtail is about 16 to 19cm in length and weight is about 25 g. This beautiful creature has the average life span of 8 to 10 years in the wild.  

Taxonomy form personata (Masked Wagtail) is occasionally treated as a full species. It is one of bird, which has been described by Linnaeus in 18th-century work, systema naturae. The white wagtail's closest genetic relatives are such as the Japanese Wagtail, White-browed Wagtail, and the Mekong Wagtail.

Sex/Age and Geographical Variation

It is considerable. 6 races (nominate, yarrellii, subpersonata and personata illustrated). These may be allocated into four arbitrary groups for identification purposes:

White Wagtails:

In the summer season, the White Wagtail males have black crown, throat and upper breast, white forehead and sides of the head, pale grey upperparts, and two white wing bars. However, the summer females similar but duller, with dingier grey upperparts and black of nape and grey of mantle merging on lower nape (black more extensive and division cleaner on males).

Moreover, the winter males have chin and upper throat white, leaving black as band on lower throat. The females lack or have very little black on crown and nape. And, have sides of head washed dull grey and are closer to juveniles, but chest band blacker and are less brownish-grey.

Juveniles have most of head dull greyish, with whiter throat and dark grey-brown breast band. The first winter are much as adult females in winter plumage and aging tricky. But young birds have grey of crown and upperparts tinged olive and a creamy-yellow wash on head in fresh plumage. Also, the young males with blacker on the crown than young females, which often lack any. 1^st summer birds often duller than full adults, and females may have a grey crown.

1. alba: Described above. Breeds over most of our region, including Iceland and occasionally Britain (especially Shetland and Orkney), except areas inhabited by other races, grading into dukhunensis in the extreme east.
2. 2. dukhunensis: Lower Volga and E Turkey eastwards. Very similar to alba, but paler grey above and with wider wing bars when fresh.
3. 3. persica: A rare winter visitor to Iraq from breeding grounds in Iran. Somewhat intermediate between alba and personata (Masked Wagtail), having variable head pattern; usually resembles alba, but has black band down the side of upper neck connecting crown and throat and more extensive white in the wing.

Diet

White Wagtail is insectivorous bird, normally diet varies by location, but prefers aquatic insects, small invertebrates, beetles, dragonflies, spiders, small snails, crustaceans, worms, maggots, flies, small fish. Sometimes migrate to further vegetable matter.

Pied Wagtail:

Pied Wagtail head pattern as White Wagtails. But in males’ upperparts black or blackish, black of the breast more extensive. Also, the white wing bars often wider but variable and flanks darker grey. The females are dusky-grey above, darker than those of White; especially on the rump.

The winter adults and immatures variable as in White, some difficult to separate from White, but rump always darker, crown usually has some blackish (often lacking in White) and flanks markedly darker.

4. yarrellii: Breeds British Is, and sparingly on adjacent Continental coast from France to Germany. Disperses south as far as Morocco in winter.

Moroccan Wagtail:

The Moroccan Wagtail is a very distinctive race. The summer male bird differs from White in having a more complex head pattern. But the mostly black head, throat and upper breast contrast with white forehead. 

The supercilium and ear-coverts, white being broken by a black eye-stripe and with an isolated white patch at sides of the neck. Moreover, the female’s bird similar, but black of head duller, more mottled. The winter adults have throat white but retain black chest and show narrow black moustachial line bordering white-centered ear-coverts.

But the juvenile and 1stwinter similar in head pattern to adult winter, but black of head and breast replaced by dark grey and white supercilium borders rear ear-coverts to meet white throat.

5. subpersonata:Local resident, chiefly in west-central Morocco.

Masked Wagtail:

The Masked Wagtail is a very distinctive race. Adults have head, neck and breast black, with ‘mask’ formed by the white forehead, lore, eye-ring, and supercilium; white fringes to wing coverts very broad, forming extensive whitish area on the forewing. Females slightly duller, with more diffuse division of black on nape than males. Winter birds attain white chin and black loral stripe. The juvenile and 1st-winter duller, with black areas replaced by dark grey and more extensive white on the throat than adult winter.

6. personata:Vagrant to the Middle East from E Iran and C Asia.

Status and Habitat Common (In addition to mapped range, has bred Jan Mayen.) Often associated with human habitation or watersides but may be found in a wide variety of open habitats from seashores to farmland, industrial zones, mountainsides, and (in breeding season) tundra. 

Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus)

Brief Description

Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus) common name of kelp applies to a broad range of seaweeds of many different species. But for those using herbs a lot, kelp probably refers to seaweeds of the brown algal order Laminariales which possess large, flat, leaf-like fronds. A class of brown algae called bladderwrack is generally used the most often for producing kelp products.

Iodine Content Controls Obesity

Kelp has many medicinal uses and claims attributed to it. One of the more popular is in controlling obesity. This role is attributed to the plant's iodine content which is believed to stimulate the production of iodine-containing hormones that help keep you slim.

Doctors recognize that the thyroid gland is the body's own pace-setter, either having our cellular engines merely poke along or else race at breakneck speed. When thyroid activity moves at a snail's pace, fat isn't burned rapidly enough and, therefore, accumulates in the body. However, when the thyroid accelerates faster, fat disappears more quickly before it can form deposits in body tissue somewhere.

The recommended intake of kelp tablets or capsules under Nature's Way label from your local health food store for weight control is at least two per day with a meal. If you are on a sodium-restricted diet, you should monitor intake with care.

Great Seasoning

Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus) is an ideal substitute for table salt and black pepper and should be used wherever these The other two seasonings are called for. It's a much healthier way to go with far fewer problems than either of the others are known to cause.

Also Read: Harvesting Drying and Storage of Herbs / Spinach: How to Grow the World’s Healthiest Foods / Basil – It’s Not as Difficult as You Think
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Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)

Brief Description

This tall, leafy shrub of the South Pacific has been used for many centuries among the islands of Oceania as a social beverage for many different occasions. The infusion prepared from the rhizome or stem of the plant is still used in many social ceremonies to welcome visitors, commemorate marriages, births and deaths and to remove curses.

Polynesian Relaxant

The Journal of Ethnopharmacology reported that the pyrones in kava kava helped reduce anxiety and fatigue as well as relaxing twitching heart muscles and calming hysteria. Other researchers who've worked with kava kava have described its effect upon the the central nervous system as being "placidly tranquil."

They found that while this herb truly relaxed the rodents, yet in no way did it affect their overall mental or physical performances. Hence kava kava can be taken on a regular basis without interrupting one's ability to work.

In fact, it probably will help ease some of the stress that accompanies most jobs these days. The best brand of kava kava can be purchased in any health food store under the Nature's Way logo. An average of two capsules twice daily (late morning and late afternoon) on an empty stomach is recommended.

Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus)

Brief Description

The common name of kelp applies to a broad range of seaweeds of many different species. But for those using herbs a lot, kelp probably refers to seaweeds of the brown algal order Laminariales which possess large, flat, leaf-like fronds. A class of brown algae called bladderwrack is generally used the most often for producing kelp products.

Iodine Content Controls Obesity

Kelp has many medicinal uses and claims attributed to it. One of the more popular is in controlling obesity. This role is attributed to the plant's iodine content which is believed to stimulate the production of iodine-containing hormones that help keep you slim.

Doctors recognize that the thyroid gland is the body's own pace-setter, either having our cellular engines merely poke along or else race at breakneck speed. When thyroid activity moves at a snail's pace, fat isn't burned rapidly enough and, therefore, accumulates in the body. However, when the thyroid accelerates faster, fat disappears more quickly before it can form deposits in body tissue somewhere.

The recommended intake of kelp tablets or capsules under Nature's Way label from your local health food store for weight control is at least two per day with a meal. If you are on a sodium-restricted diet, you should monitor intake with care.

Great Seasoning

Kelp is an ideal substitute for table salt and black pepper and should be used wherever these The other two seasonings are called for. It's a much healthier way to go with far fewer problems than either of the others are known to cause.

Also Read: Harvesting Drying and Storage of Herbs / Spinach: How to Grow the World’s Healthiest Foods / Basil – It’s Not as Difficult as You Think

Affiliates Links:

1. How One Woman Discovered the Female Fat-Loss Code Missed by Modern Medicine And Lost 84lbs Using a Simple 2-Step Ritual That 100% Guarantees Shocking Daily Weight Loss
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Pomarine Skua (Stercorarius pomarinus)

Identification

Pomarine Jaeger is normally 46–51 cm in length (including tail up to 19 cm) with an average weight of 125–135 cm. Rather larger and distinctly bulkier than Arctic Skua (or Parasitic Jaeger). It has a relatively heavier body, deeper belly, broader-based wings, heavier head and bill, and stouter neck. So, overall bulk can recall Herring Gull (Arctic’s bulk recalls Mew Gull).

Bill is obviously heavy and two-toned (with a pale base and dark tip) at all ages, recalling 1st-winter Glaucous Gull and visible even at long range. The major identification problems revolve around small Pomarines and large Arctics. In-flight, typically looks Broad-bodied and even pot-bellied, with a length of ‘rear end’ (i.e. extension of the body behind wings to the tip of the tail, excluding extensions).

Therefore, about equal to wing width (at a point roughly midway from carpal joint to base); ‘rear end’ is longer than wing width in both Arctic and Long-tailed. But markedly shorter in Great (and vagrant South Polar). Wing structure differs, with ‘arm’ being longer and broader than in Arctic while primaries are relatively shorter.

Flight progression generally steady, being slower, heavier and less inclined to glide or ‘shear’ than Arctic. Away from breeding grounds, where feeds mainly on lemmings, eggs and young birds, more of a direct feeder (on fish) or scavenger (feeding on carrion) and less kleptoparasitic than Arctic. More aggressive in pursuit of other seabirds than Arctic, frequently attacking (and sometimes killing) victims as opposed to harrying them to make them disgorge.

Adult summer has broad and blunt-ended tail projections, not narrow and pointed as in Arctic, which are twisted at the tips and appear to form a diagnostic spoon-shaped ‘blob’. Unless these broken off or re-growing, identification is simple.

Plumage otherwise rather like Arctic, varying from birds with almost all-whitish underparts to uniform blackish-brown overall. Compared with Arctic, pale morph has a breast band usually broader and more mottled. Although sometimes absent (especially in males. Many of which have only a dark wedge on each side of breast) and often a stronger buff washes to sides of the neck. While flanks and lower belly are typically dusky or heavily mottled in females (less so, or even not at all in males).

Arctics often have distinct breast band and brownish lower belly, but flanks are usually clean (except in intermediates). Coloration of the cap, upperparts, breast band and ventral area is darker in tone in Pomarine. Dark morph all dark, with browner throat and sides of neck, looking more uniformly dark than dark morph Arctic. Which shows a more contrastingly darker cap. Intermediates exceptionally rare.

Adult winter has shorter tail projections (or lacks them) and in pale morph body plumage is barred to varying extent, with irregular pale feather tips on upperparts. Especially mantle, scapulars and upper tail coverts), recalling immature (but without barring on underwing coverts, which are uniform blackish). Best separated from Arctic by different ‘jizz’.

Juvenile variable, but great majority fairly dark, differing from juvenile Arctic chiefly in overall bulk. This is very pale juveniles are rare and very dark juveniles are uncommon, juvenile Pomarine typically being far less variable than either of the other two Stercorarius skuas. Dark tips to whitish greater underwing primary coverts divide the whitish bases of primaries from a whitish primary-covert crescent.

This double whitish flash is often a very helpful character in the short to medium range. (Note, however, that palest Arctics can show a suggestion of such a crescent and the very darkest Pomarines may lack it.) Body generally slightly darker than underwing coverts in Pomarine, more uniform in Arctic, and ground color to underwing coverts often paler, making barring stand out more.

In a few very dark Arctics, underwing coverts appear very dark and apparently unbarred. Feather fringes to upperparts and barring on upper tail coverts and underparts less rufous in fresh plumage than in typical juvenile Arctic, with barring on both upper tail and under-tail coverts more even, less wavy.

Head more uniformly colored (typically a deep grey-brown), with little or no sign of a paler nape, of darker streaking or of a paler area (‘noseband’) above bill base (all characteristic of Arctic), and upper tail coverts paler.

Arctic often shows a contrast between paler nape and darker crown. The darker birds showing a combination of pale upper tail and under-tail coverts and uniformly dark head (i.e. without paler nape) are Pomarine. While those showing obviously paler nape than upper tail coverts are Arctic. However, that 1st-summer Pomarine does show contrasting paler nape like Arctic.)

Additionally, although bill color and pattern much the same in both species, the blacktip to the larger, deeper bill of Pomarine is more conspicuous at a longer range. Usually lacks obvious whitish tips to primaries shown by all but darkest Arctic and often visible at rest (although a few pale Pomarines do have them) and has darker marginal coverts along leading edge of wing than in most Arctic.

Also has blunt, not pointed, tips to central tail feathers, but this feature usually of limited value in the field. Because of body bulk, larger individuals could be confused with Great Skua and especially with vagrant South Polar Skua at long range, but the latter has a more extensive white patch on the upper wing and shorter ‘rear end’ (see above). See also vagrant South Polar Skua.

Sex and Age

Sexes similar, but adult male summer usually cleaner on breast and flanks (often lacking dark breast band and flanks entirely). Most of moult to winter plumage takes place in winter quarters but projecting central tail feathers often lost (or damaged) earlier. Adult winter pale morph resembles immature, but underwing dark, not barred, and distinctive twisted tail projection often present.

Adult winter dark morphs little different from summer plumage but can have only short tail projection. Paler 1st-summer individuals like juvenile (see Identification), but have a more prominent tail projection, pale nape (like Arctic), and pale fringes to scapulars and upper wing coverts narrower or absent; dark individuals inseparable from dark juveniles.

2nd-winter pale morph much as adult winter pale morph but underwing barred like a juvenile. 2nd-summer pale morph recalls adult summer pale morph, but tail projection short and extensive barring still present on underbody and underwing. Virtually as an adult by third or fourth summer, but often retains some winter plumage on head, body, and underwing.

Fully adult plumage attained by the fifth summer. Immature dark morph much as adult from second winter, but even more uniformly dark, without much contrast between darker cap and paler sides of face and neck. It becomes an adult by the third summer.

Voice

Pomarine Skua rather silent away from colonies, where gives a series of high, nasal screams during territorial disputes: ‘g-waer, g-waer, g-waer’. Also gives a low harsh ‘kek’ when alarmed.

Status and Habitat

Pomarine Skua is not uncommon. Migrates SW and S, joined by breeders from Siberia, to winter in tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. Most move off the western seaboard of Europe and Africa on migration. But minor passage route through Baltic and presumed to move high overland to reach the Indian Ocean.

It breeds on coastal tundra; the population in a given area varies according to lemming abundance. Away from breeding grounds pelagic. Only exceptionally observed inland.

Read More – Beautiful Black and White Wagtails / The Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) / The Himalayan Cutia / The fire-tailed myzornis / Pando – The One Tree Forest / Great Blue Heron

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RING OUZEL (Turdus torquatus)

Identification

Ring Ouzel is resembling with common Blackbird in size, shape and basic coloration. However, at all ages, pale edges to wing feathers make wings appear paler than the rest of birds in flight. 

The male bird is distinctive; sooty-black overall with a prominent white breast band and greyish or whitish (in race amicorum) fringes to wing feathers. The bill is yellow with a blackish tip in the breeding season (also shows blackish base to upper mandible at other times).

In autumn and winter, the blackness of plumage obscured by pale feather fringes and breast band less obvious owing to brownish tips to white feathers. 1st-years in fresh autumn plumage have even broader feather fringes and breast band even less distinct.

However, the Female bird is considerably browner than male, with brownish scaling within breast band and pale scaling on underparts; in autumn and winter is even more prominently scaled. 1st-years in autumn have breast band very obscure, or even absent. Such birds differ from Common Blackbird is having to scale on body plumage and pale edges to wing feathers.

Beware partial-albino Common Blackbird with white breast band, but calls, wing pattern, and body scaling should prevent confusion. A bird of the open country, shy and wary, usually flying considerable distances when flushed uttering harsh ‘chakking’ call (quite unlike calls of Common Blackbird).

Readily perches on stone walls, rocky outcrops or scree slopes and trees; will feed on berry-bearing bushes in autumn. It is usually solitary on breeding grounds but forms small parties on migration and in winter.

Sex and Age

In fresh plumage, colors dulled by pale feather fringing, but male much sootier than female and with more obvious breast band (sullied brown). Juvenile spotted like young Common Blackbird, but less rufous, with underparts scaled whitish and pale edges to wing feathers.

Moreover, 1st-years have broader pale edges to body feathers when fresh (in autumn) than respective adults and breast bands almost obscured, especially in females.

Geographical Variation

Mountains of C and S Europe is inhabited by alpestris which has much broader pale fringes, especially on underparts, and belly appears whitish even in spring. Birds of the Caucasus and E Turkey, amicorum, have wing feathers very broadly pale-fringed, appearing almost pale winged in flight.

VOICE

ring ouzel usual call is very hard ‘tak-tak-tak’, sometimes prolonged into a rattling chatter. Song far-carrying, consisting of several clear, melancholy piping notes (e.g. ‘tu-li tu-li tu-li’), often followed by a chuckle.

Status and Habitat

In addition to the mapped range, it has bred Faeroes, Belgium, Denmark, Latvia, Estonia.) In breeding season, mountainsides, quarries, rocky outcrops, and moorland gullies and ravines, locally even on coastal cliffs. Winters both on dry, scrubby hillsides and in open oak woodland. On passage, also in lowland hedgerows, coastal pastures, etc.

Nesting and Diet

The ring ouzel usually build nests among rocks, or bushes, laying many pale blue eggs and molted with brown, in a neat cup-shaped nest. As this is omnivorous bird prefers to eat wide range of insects, small rodents, seeds, invertebrates, adult larval beetles, reptiles, earthworms, and berries. 

Also Read: The Orange-Breasted Bunting / The fire-tailed myzornis / The Bar-tailed Desert Lark / Dusky Naumann’s Thrush (Turdus eunomus)

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6 Facts About Cetti's Warbler

1. Identification

CETTI’S WARBLER (Cettia cetti)is fairly large but very skulking warbler of dense waterside undergrowth with broad, rounded tail and often slightly ‘untidy’ appearance. The unstreamed dark reddish-brown above, with pale greyish-washed sides of head and breast contrasting somewhat with more rufous flanks and under tail coverts and fairly weak greyish-white supercilium.

This old-world warbler is 13 to 14cm bill to tail with an average weight is 14 to 15g. The strong legs are reddish-brown. Compared with unstreaked Acrocephalus warblers are relatively chunkier, with greyer-toned underparts and strongly rufous-toned, darker brown upperparts, more rounded head and smaller and weaker bill.

However, the tail is broader and more rounded and is frequently cocked. In good view, under tail coverts can be seen to be short and broad, with weak pale scalloping (in Acrocephalus they are rather longer, narrower and more uniform).

Savi’s Warbler has similar skulking behavior and similar calls (but not song) but has a longer, fuller tail with longer, broader under tail coverts, flat or peaked crown shape, stronger bill, buffer-toned underparts, and paler legs. Presence almost invariably revealed by loud, distinctive, explosive bursts of the song (given virtually throughout the year). Hops in wren-like fashion, flicking wings and rounded tail, through tangled undergrowth.

2. Cetti’s Warbler Song

Cetti’s Warbler Song includes an abrupt, sharp ‘chip’ or ‘chich’, a loud, sharp ‘tsuk’ (recalling mobbing call of Common Blackbird). And a prolonged rattle (recalling Winter Wren, but higher and more metallic) when intensely alarmed.

The song unmistakable and an astonishingly loud, explosive, liquid, staccato series of notes which might be rendered as ‘PWIT-piti-chewit-chewitchewit’ or ‘CHIP-pip-chetchetchetchet’.

The Song is given virtually throughout the year; appears to double as a contact-alarm call. It is usually singing from the inside cover but often climbs into view when singing near top of the thicket. Quite inquisitive but nervous: often goaded into vocal activity by a sudden noise.

3. Geographical Variation

Race orientalis of C Turkey and Transcaucasia southwards and eastwards is slightly greyer above and whiter on the breast than in nominate race.

4. Status and Habitat

Locally common. Has spread northwards in recent decades to colonize S Britain and Belgium. (In addition to mapped range, has bred Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany.)

Tangled thickets by lakes, marshes, rivers, streams, and ditches; also patches of willows or brambles among reedbeds. This is a small old-world warbler, breeds in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

5. Diet

The Cetti’s Warbler prefers damp areas like lakes, ponds, rivers, and marshes. This is an insectivorous bird, so like to eat soft-bodied insects and larvae, because they can digest them very quickly.

6. Moult

Moreover, the complete post-breeding moult, usually finished early   September.   But partial post-juvenile moult including body feathers, lesser and median coverts, inner greater coverts and some tertial.

Also, some specimens can moult all the greater coverts and a variable number of flight feathers. But the primary coverts are always retained; usually finished in September. Some specimens have a pre-breeding moulting wing coverts and some tertial.

Also Read: 
The Orange-Breasted Bunting / The fire-tailed myzornis / The Bar-tailed Desert Lark / Dusky Naumann’s Thrush (Turdus eunomus)
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Dusky Naumann’s Thrush (Turdus eunomus)

Identification

Asian vagrant (breeds in Siberia central from eastwards). Recalls Redwing in structure, but substantially larger with stouter bill and relatively long tail. The two subspecies appear distinctly different in the field and are best considered separately.

The medium size Dusky Naumann’s Thrush adult male bird is dull dark brown above with blackish feather centers, giving the mottled appearance (with wear upperparts appear blacker). Hence, becoming blacker on the crown and ear-coverts which contrast with conspicuous white supercilium and throat, latter extending across the side of the neck to form half-collar as in Redwing.

Moreover, the feathers of rump and upper tail coverts broadly fringed rufous, and wings largely rufous-chestnut. The whitish underparts are heavily mottled and scaled blackish, forming ill-defined breast bands that contrast with cleaner throat. The underwing is almost entirely rufous.

Unlikely to be confused, but occasional variant individuals lacking rufous-chestnut in wings could perhaps be confused with female Black-throated Thrush. Adult females’ bird and 1st-years are usually duller overall, with duller rufous-buff area in wings, and are less intensely scaled and mottled than adult males. These birds are most likely to be confused with smaller Redwing.

Which is also shows paler areas on the wing, prominent pale supercilium and collar, and diffuse breast streaking forming chest band. But Redwing has rufous flanks, is browner above, has rich buff ground color to breast and buff wash to supercilium, and has darker rufous underwing (duller rufous in Dusky).

Therefore, some Dusky have rufous scaling mixed with black on underparts, especially on flanks, and others are intermediate between Dusky and Naumann’s. All kinds of apparent intermediate plumages can be seen.

Naumann’s Thrush (nominate race)! Upperparts lack the blackish mottling of Dusky, being greyish-brown overall, while underpart markings are rufous-chestnut instead of black, often being more diffuse and thus producing almost wholly rufous breast and flanks, mixed with whitish scaling in fresh plumage.

Some black speckling and scaling usually present at sides of the throat and on breast, and rufous scaling present on upperparts. The bright rufous outer tail feathers are obvious in flight, less striking on the ground (were partially obscured by browner central feathers).

The throat and supercilium are off-white, washed rusty-buff. Upperwing lacks strong rufous tones of Dusky, but the underwing is darker rufous. Adult females and 1styears average duller, but the pattern and color distinctive and not matched by any other thrush of our region.  

Although red-throated race of Dark-throated Thrush also has a bright rufous tail. Both forms feed more in open than most other Asian thrushes, perching freely on tops of bushes and trees and feeding on the ground in the manner of Fieldfare.

Sex and Age

As already discussed under the Identification section. Some adult male Dusky is duller than usual and so sexing not always straightforward. However, adult females generally have less blackish feather centers above and below, often have more distinct malar stripe and primary coverts appear duller, less strongly rufous, with less distinct, brownish (rather than blackish) tips.

Adult Naumann’s often hard to sex, but females average duller below (especially on the throat, which is often paler), tend to show more distinct malar stripe and usually have less rufous on scapulars. The juveniles of both forms are heavily pale-spotted above and dark-spotted below.

The 1^st-years maybe aged by more distinct whitish or pale buff tips to greater coverts than in adults. 1st-year male Dusky usually resembles adult males in having blacker feather centers on both upperparts and underparts, but primary coverts are closer to those of adult females (although dark tips are blacker and more distinct).

Some 1st-year female Naumann’s may be separated by obvious dark spotting on the breast (and sometimes flanks), but many inseparable from 1styear males.

Voice                                                                        

The bird simple flute calls include a harsh chattering ‘chak-chakchak’ of alarm, recalling Fieldfare, a shrill, wheezy ‘spirr’, recalling Common Starling, a loud, shrill, nasal ‘cheeh-cheeh’ and many other high-pitched calls. The whistling song, unlikely to be heard consists of several clear, descending notes followed by a faint twitter and recalls Redwing.

Taxonomy

Intermediates between Dusky and Naumann’s Thrushes are not infrequent. But as the area of hybridization appears to be quite limited Dusky Thrush is sometimes accorded full species status as T. eunomus.

Geographical Variation

Differences discussed under Identification. Race eunomus (Dusky Thrush) breeds further north than nominate race (Naumann’s Thrush). Both occur as rare vagrants, with most of northern records being of Dusky whereas less frequent Naumann’s has predominated among records from the south.

Status / Habitat

The vagrant birds found in Europe, Cyprus, and Middle East. In natural range breeds in rather open deciduous or coniferous forests and in willow scrub at the southern edge of the tundra. In winter quarters, favors groves, orchards, and open fields. 

Also Read: The Orange-Breasted Bunting / The fire-tailed myzornis